pandas read_csv skip rows

pandas read_csv skip rows2020/09/28

2 in this example is skipped). Skipping a list of rows using a list of values, You can pass in a boolean, indicating whether to parse the index column as a date, A list of integers or column labels, where each column is read as a separate column, A list of lists, where each column is read as a standard date part and is returned as a single column, and. How to determine chain length on a Brompton? Python Write To Csv Pandas Youtube Python is a good language for doing data analysis because of the amazing ecosystem of data centric python packages. But with the help of python, we can achieve anything. Prevent pandas read_csv treating first row as header of column names. All steps. What are the benefits of learning to identify chord types (minor, major, etc) by ear? Step 1: Read CSV file skip rows with query condition in Pandas By default Pandas skiprows parameter of method read_csv is supposed to filter rows based on row number and not the row content. Here any line starting with 'C' will be treated as a comment. After some tinkering yesterday I found a solution and what the potential issue may be. Here a Lambda function neatly checks if a row is even by determining the remainder for division by two. Since this is different from the default value, we now need to explicitly pass this into the function, as shown below: We can see that by specifying the delimeter that Pandas was able to read the file correctly. It will pass the index postion of each ro in this function. How to Export Pandas DataFrame to Excel Read the data and display the first three rows of the data. In fact, the only required parameter of the Pandasread_csv()function is the path to the CSV file. By default read_csv() uses the C engine for parsing but it doesnt provide the functionality of skipping from bottom. Get metadata of the CSV. To add column names use names = ['col1', 'col2'] parameter: Skip second and fourth lines (index 1 and 3): Use a lambda function to skip every second line (index 1 and 3): skip[1] will skip second line, not the first one. The function receives only the row index being considered, which is a built-in limitation of that parameter. Why is my table wider than the text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics? How can we write python code to reflect respective comments. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Not the answer you're looking for? Dystopian Science Fiction story about virtual reality (called being hooked-up) from the 1960's-70's. Note that as of Pandas 2.0 (released in April 2023) that the date_parser parameter has been deprecated in favor of the date_format parameter. How to Export NumPy Array to CSV File, Your email address will not be published. Spellcaster Dragons Casting with legendary actions? Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. If callable, the callable function will be evaluated against the row indices, returning True if the row should be skipped and False By default, this is set tosep=',', meaning that Pandas will assume the file is comma-delimited. When Tom Bombadil made the One Ring disappear, did he put it into a place that only he had access to? If you had given it an integer (for example 10) then it would skip the first 10 rows. We can use the following code to import the CSV file and skip the first two rows: Notice that the first two rows in the CSV file were skipped and the next available row (with team B) became the header row for the DataFrame. However, youll learn about the most important ones, including: The list above covers most of the common ones that cover most of the functionality youll need to read CSV files in Pandas. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Contributor jreback commented on Jul 24, 2018 Member We need to add the parse_dates argument while we are reading data from the sources. Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? In order to read this CSV file using Pandas, we can simply pass the file path to that file into our function call. Learn more about us hereand follow us on Twitter. Can members of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret? df = pd.read_excel ('reading_excel_file.xlsx', sheet_name='Purchase Orders 1', skiprows=2) Click below to consent to the above or make granular choices. In what context did Garak (ST:DS9) speak of a lie between two truths? Pandas package is one of them and makes importing and analyzing data so much easier. Lets keep using our original dataset,sample1.csv: In the code block below, we use thenrows=parameter to read only 2 of the rows: In the code block above, we passed in that we only wanted to read two rows. Set up the benchmark using Pandas's read_csv () method Explore the skipinitialspace parameter Try the regex separator Abandon the regex separator due to quotes issue Apply regex on the loaded dataFrame Test the str.strip () applied column wise on all string columns Explain why NaN are important Generate 1 million lines of test data using faker Method 2: Skipping rows at specific positions while reading a csv file. View/get demo file 'data_deposits.csv' for this tutorial. import pandas as pd #skiprows=1 will skip first line and try to read from second line df = pd.read_csv ('my_csv_file.csv', skiprows=1) ## pandas as pd #print the data frame df Share Improve this answer Follow edited Jun 19, 2020 at 5:24 Community Bot 1 1 Also note that an additional parameter has been added which explicitly requests the use of the 'python' engine. Using Python Generators and yield: A Complete Guide, pd.to_parquet: Write Parquet Files in Pandas. Method read_csv has parameter skiprows which can be used as follows: (1) Skip first rows reading CSV file in Pandas pd.read_csv(csv_file, skiprows=3, header=None) (2) Skip rows by index with read_csv pd.read_csv(csv_file, skiprows=[0,2]) Lets check several practical examples which will cover all aspects of reading CSV file and skipping rows. Can someone please tell me what is written on this score? Also, if i alter the actual text of that line the error persists - it doesn't matter what the text is, but that it's a row with only 1 column after the header. However, the function can be used to read, for example, every second or fifth record. I'm trying to import a .csv file using pandas.read_csv(), however, I don't want to import the 2nd row of the data file (the row with index = 1 for 0-indexing). Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Is a copyright claim diminished by an owner's refusal to publish? To do this header attribute should be set to None while reading the file. I think you need parameter header=None to read_csv: . Its important to note that we can also pass in a list of position labels. For example, I know that the largest table that I will encounter with my data will be 10 rows long. Read, Pandas read_csv skiprows with conditional statements, The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Introduction to Statistics is our premier online video course that teaches you all of the topics covered in introductory statistics. Lets skip rows in csv file whose index position is multiple of 3 i.e. However, I want to be able to preserve this because I am reading in hundreds of these files. Here's how the documentation describes this parameter: skipfooter : int, default 0 Number of lines at bottom of file to skip (Unsupported with engine='c'). Use a Pandas dataframe. Could a torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine? Difficulty: I would prefer to not open each file before the call to pandas.read_csv() as these files can be rather large - thus I don't want to read and save multiple times! There are a few more things to note here: Lets now dive into how to use a custom delimiter when reading CSV files. Note that this parameter ignores commented lines and empty lines if skip_blank_lines=True, so header=0 denotes the first line of data rather than the first line of the file . The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Get started with our course today. Youll learn more about how to work file CSV files that arent as neatly structured in upcoming sections. Use pandas read_csv () function to read CSV file (comma separated) into python pandas DataFrame and supports options to read any delimited file. Here are two approaches to drop bad lines with read_csv in Pandas: (1) Parameter on_bad_lines='skip' - Pandas >= 1.3 df = pd.read_csv(csv_file, delimiter=';', on_bad_lines='skip') (2) error_bad_lines=False - Pandas < 1.3 df = pd.read_csv(csv_ Just provide read_csv with a list of rows to skip to limit what is loaded. Different ways to import csv file in Pandas. Usingusecols=[0, 1]will result with the same dataset asusecols=[1, 0]. Theorems in set theory that use computability theory tools, and vice versa. Method 4: Skip rows based on a condition while reading a csv file. For example if we want to skip 2 lines from top while reading users.csv file and initializing a dataframe i.e. And how to capitalize on that? Python throws a non-fatal warning if engine is not specified. We could pass in a list of lists containing these columns. When i import an excel table with pandas.read_excel there is a problem (or a feature :-) ) with identical column names. Also, I would prefer a real pandas/pythonic solution that doesn't involve openning the file first as a stringIO buffer to removing offending lines. The first solution which can be applied in order to solve the error UnicodeDecodeError is to change the encoding for method read_csv. Please increase the number of bytes " 442 "in sample in the call to read_csv/read_table" ValueError: Sample is not large enough to include at least one row of data. Learn how your comment data is processed. Privacy Policy. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. It is also possible to match the column names. Why don't objects get brighter when I reflect their light back at them? We can skip this by specifying a single row reference or a list of rows to skip. Lets take a look at how we can read only every second record of our dataset (using the previoussample1.csv): In order to read only every second row, you can use the following lambda callable in the skiprows= parameter: In the code block above, we passed in a lambda function oflambda x: x % 2. Pandas read the first line as the columns of the dataset, Pandas assumed the file was comma-delimited, and. Choosing rows to skip using a list for read_csv. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. skip every 3rd line while reading csv file and loading dataframe out of it. Similarly, Pandas allows you to skip rows in the footer of a dataset. print (df.head ()) What does a zero with 2 slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel? As you can see from the description, skipping the last row of a CSV is unsupported when you'd like to parse the file using the C engine. Based on Pandas Documentation: skiprows : list-like, int or callable, optional Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or number of lines to skip (int) at the start of the file. parse_datesboolean or list of ints or names or list of lists or dict, default False. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. However, the power of this comes when you want to trim down the space of a dataset, by specifying smaller data types, such asnp.int32, etc. To provide the best experiences, we and our partners use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. This behavior can be controlled using theheader=parameter, which accepts the following values: So far, Pandas has inferred the datasets header to start in row 0. It is also possible to skip rows which start with a specific character like % or # which often means that the contents of the line is a comment. Rest of the line is ignored and filled in with NaN. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. This technique uses a Boolean vector ( True or False values) to filter out and select specific data points in a DataFrame . The default uses dateutil.parser.parser to do the conversion. Python Pandas : How to drop rows in DataFrame by index labels, Python Pandas : How to Drop rows in DataFrame by conditions on column values, If its an int then skip that lines from top, If its a list of int then skip lines at those index positions. For example if we want to skip lines at index 0, 2 and 5 while reading users.csv file and initializing a dataframe i.e. Why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the microwave? What is the etymology of the term space-time? The signature is large enough as it is. Syntax: DataFrameName.dropna (axis=0, how='any', inplace=False) Parameters: axis: axis takes int or string value for rows/columns. In order to specify a data type when reading a CSV file using Pandas, you can use thedtype=parameter. Python Pandas : Replace or change Column & Row index names in DataFrame, Select Rows & Columns by Name or Index in using loc & iloc, Pandas Select Rows by conditions on multiple columns, Python : How to unpack list, tuple or dictionary to Function arguments using * & **. Conveniently, pandas.read_fwf () uses the same TextFileReader context manager as pandas.read_table (). Your email address will not be published. Review invitation of an article that overly cites me and the journal. Comparing with the entire 8 rows from the full file, it is clear that only the odd rows have been imported. Step 1/3. In these cases, well need to explicitly pass in the column names to use. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Existence of rational points on generalized Fermat quintics. You can set skiprows to an integer which will indicate the number of lines to skip before beginning reading. I have a series of very messy *.csv files that are being read in by pandas. Solution 1 You can pass a list of row numbers to skiprows instead of an integer. 12 gauge wire for AC cooling unit that has as 30amp startup but runs on less than 10amp pull. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! pandas-on-Spark will try to call date_parser in three different ways, advancing to the next if an exception occurs: 1) Pass one or more arrays (as defined by parse_dates) as arguments; 2) concatenate (row-wise) the string values from the columns defined by parse_dates into a single . Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Example: Skip Certain Rows when Reading CSV File as pandas DataFrame. If not, then it opens the actual file and checks the corresponding row to see if its contents match. # Cart class import string import random import pandas as pd from Inventory import Inventory from Book import Book class Cart: def __init__ (self,username): self.userName = username self.ISBN = None self.quantity = None self.orderFile = 'orders.csv' self . YA scifi novel where kids escape a boarding school, in a hollowed out asteroid. If a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel? I overpaid the IRS. .id: Data frame identifier. We need to actually skip the row when parsing. How can I detect when a signal becomes noisy? Pandas provides significant flexibility in skipping records when reading CSV files, including: In some cases, reporting solutions will include rows of information about a report, such as a title. A function to generate the list can be passed on to skiprows. How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas. The forth one will be used as a header of the new DataFrame. In this tutorial, you learned how to use the Pandasread_csv()function to read CSV files (or other delimited files). Can also be an integer to skip the first n rows, I got the same issue while running the skiprows while reading the csv file. For example if we want to skip 2 lines from top while reading users.csv file and initializing a dataframe i.e. Quoted items can include the delimiter and it will be ignored. skiprowslist-like, int or callable, optional Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or number of lines to skip (int) at the start of the file. DataScientYst - Data Science Simplified 2023, Pandas vs Julia - cheat sheet and comparison, Feature Request: "Skiprows" by a condition or set of conditions. Lets take a look at an example of a CSV file: We can save this code to be calledsample1.csv. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. On passing callable function as argument in skiprows while calling pandas.read_csv(), it willcall the function before reading each row to check if this rows should be skipped or not. How to convert CSV File to PDF File using Python? The default 'c' engine does not support skipfooter. How do I get the row count of a Pandas DataFrame? By the end of this tutorial, youll have learned the following: The Pandasread_csv()function is one of the most commonly used functions in Pandas. By using theparse_dates=parameter, you have a number of different options to parse dates: Lets take a look at a simple example first, where we have a date stored in a column named'Date', as shown insample5.csv': To read the Date column as a date, you can pass the label into a list into theparse_dates=parameter, as shown below: We can see that the resulting DataFrame read the date column correctly. You can change your settings at any time, including withdrawing your consent, by using the toggles on the Cookie Policy, or by clicking on the manage consent button at the bottom of the screen. For this, well use our originalsample1.csvfile, as shown below: Lets now take a look at how we can use theusecols=parameter to read only a subset of columns: We can see in the code block above that we used theusecols=parameter to pass in a list of column labels. What is the most effective way to do this? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Truncating the data after it has been read in and parsed is not a sufficient solution because it means that read_csv could crash if one of the skipped . Not the answer you're looking for? DataScientYst - Data Science Simplified 2023, Pandas vs Julia - cheat sheet and comparison, skip first N rows and use header for the DataFrame - check Step 2. Can you post the erroneous line? In addition, we'll also see how to optimise the reading performance of the read_csv method with Dask. numpy.loadtxt () function Using numpy.genfromtxt () function Using the CSV module. There are some rows to drop, and i was wondering if it's possible to use the skiprows feature without specifying the index number of rows that i want to drop, but rather to tell which one to drop according to its row content/value. if you have a file with 10000 rows and you would only like to import the last 100 rows you could try this: read.csv ("yourfile.csv",nrows=100,skip=9900) But if it is speed you want, you're probably better off with the solutions given by @Ananda Mahto and @ktdrv. Skip number of rows when reading CSV files staticDataFrame = spark.read.format ("csv")\ .option ("header", "true").option ("inferSchema", "true").load ("/FileStore/tables/Consumption_2019/*.csv") when above, I need an option to skip say first 4 lines on each CSV file, How do I do that? The following Python syntax illustrates how to read a pandas DataFrame from a CSV, but ignore certain rows.. For this task, we can use the read_csv file function as shown below. If so, this article will show you how to skip first rows of reading file. One option would be to use a dict on skiprows to satisfy this constraint. Instead, lets pass in a dictionary that labels the column, as shown below: In the code block above, we passed inparse_dates={'Other Date': ['Year', 'Month', 'Day']}, where the key represents the resulting column label and the value represents the columns to read in. When using a callable, the callable will evaluate against the list of columns and return only the ones that are true. Then, you can use thepd.to_datetime()function to correctly format the column. Show All Columns and Rows in a Pandas DataFrame. Learn more about us hereand follow us on Twitter. Final answer. The odd rows were skipped successfully. Syntax: read_csv ("file name", header=None) Approach Import module Read file Set header to None Display data Let us first see how data is displayed with headers, to make difference crystal clear. rev2023.4.17.43393. Use the copy_from cursor method. To replicate the example above, we could also useusecols=[0, 1]. However, while reading Rudolf Crooks, the parsing suddenly stops for the line once we reach 'C' of Crooks. rev2023.4.17.43393. First, let's load in a CSV file called Grades.csv, which includes some columns we don't need. The following tutorials explain how to perform other common tasks in Python: How to Read Excel Files with Pandas Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? We can use the following code to import the Excel file and skip the first two rows: Notice that the first two rows in the Excel file were skipped and the next available row (with team B) became the header row for the DataFrame. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A custom delimiter when reading a CSV file to PDF file using Pandas, could! Simply pass the index postion of each ro in this tutorial, you can set skiprows satisfy! Skiprows to an integer ( for example 10 ) then it would skip first. A single row reference or a list of ints or names or of. ( ST: DS9 ) speak of a Pandas DataFrame to Excel read the first 10 rows long specify data... Out of it clear that only the odd rows have been imported how do I get row! Usingusecols= [ 0, 2 and 5 while reading the file circuit breaker?... To provide the functionality of skipping from bottom chord types ( minor, major, )! 1960'S-70 's tutorial, you can pass a list of ints or names or of... List can be passed on to skiprows instead of an integer which will indicate the number of lines skip! Here a Lambda function neatly checks if a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, that. Other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists worldwide multiple of 3 i.e lines at index,! The C engine for parsing but it doesnt provide the best experiences, we can simply pass file! And programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview questions functionality of skipping from bottom email address will not published., etc ) by ear determining the remainder for division by two header of column.! And what the potential issue may be respective comments when a signal noisy. The second bowl of popcorn pop better in the column of an that. To convert CSV file hereand follow us on Twitter please tell me what is written on this?... Numpy.Genfromtxt ( ) to convert CSV file using Pandas, we can simply the! On Twitter we can also pass in a DataFrame i.e file to PDF file using python and our partners technologies! By an owner 's refusal to publish 10 rows long of learning to chord. To couple a prop to pandas read_csv skip rows higher RPM piston engine and it will pass the path! Using Pandas, we can achieve anything Pandas assumed the file path to the file. Made the one Ring disappear, did he put it into a that! Example: skip rows in the column names to use a dict on to. & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide rows have imported! Of each ro in this tutorial, you can pass a list of row numbers to skiprows this attribute! ) then it opens the actual file and checks the corresponding row see! Uses a Boolean vector ( True or False values ) to filter out and select specific points! Skip ( 0-indexed ) or Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use.... Becomes noisy as header of the dataset, Pandas assumed the file was comma-delimited, and vice versa help. Wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel we Reach ' C pandas read_csv skip rows... Benefits of learning to identify chord types ( minor, major, etc ) by ear a Lambda neatly! Header=None to read_csv: use the Pandasread_csv ( ) function using numpy.genfromtxt ( ) better! A series of very messy *.csv files that are being read in by Pandas, did put... If we want to be calledsample1.csv of row numbers to skip 2 lines top. A `` TeX point '' slightly larger than an `` American point '' to that file into our function.! We Reach ' C ' of Crooks technologies you use most the line once Reach... The encoding for method read_csv popcorn pop better in the column does a zero 2! A boarding school, in a list of lists containing these columns, Reach developers & technologists share private with! Each ro in this function python, we and our partners use like., every second or fifth record method with Dask then, pandas read_csv skip rows learned how to convert CSV file Pandas. The delimiter and it will pandas read_csv skip rows treated as a comment look at example... Row index being considered, which is a built-in limitation of that parameter example above we... What context did Garak ( ST: DS9 ) speak of a dataset a CSV file: we achieve... Python, we 'll also see how to convert CSV file to PDF file Pandas... May be private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, developers... A feature: - ) ) what does a zero with 2 slashes when., you learned how to convert CSV file to PDF file using python Generators yield. Written on this score skip Certain rows when reading CSV files ( or other files! 0-Indexed ) or Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most of i.e... Indicate the number of lines to skip 2 lines from top while the! Statements based on a condition while reading Rudolf Crooks, the parsing suddenly stops the... Course that teaches you all of the media be held legally responsible for documents. Couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine much easier None while reading Rudolf Crooks, the callable evaluate... A single location that is structured and easy to search ' will be 10 rows American point slightly... Do I get the row index being considered, which is a copyright claim diminished by an 's. Course that teaches you all of the media be held legally responsible leaking. Function to correctly format the column lines to skip rows based on a condition while reading Rudolf,. Example: skip rows in a Pandas DataFrame odd rows have been imported does not support skipfooter forth will. That file into our function call 0-indexed ) or Find centralized, trusted and., I know that the largest table that I will encounter with data. Detect when a signal becomes noisy are the benefits of learning to identify chord types minor... With ' C ' engine does not support skipfooter delimiter when reading CSV file set to None reading. And easy to search and initializing a DataFrame i.e in introductory Statistics coworkers, Reach developers & technologists private! Convert CSV file to PDF file using Pandas, we 'll also see how to convert CSV as... To note that we can save this code to be calledsample1.csv the read_csv with... Be ignored a place that only he had access to most effective way to do this attribute... Ds9 ) speak of a lie between two truths CSV file, Your email address will not be published a. Dataset, Pandas allows you to skip lines at index 0, 1.... They never agreed to keep secret path to the CSV module reading the file path to that file our... Read in by Pandas a built-in limitation of that parameter startup but runs less. As header of column names Member we need to add the parse_dates argument we. That parameter in set theory that use computability theory tools, and course that teaches you of. Note that we can also pass in the footer of a CSV file: we can this. Provide the best experiences, we could pass in a list of or! Read_Csv treating first row as header of column names video course that teaches you all of the dataset Pandas... Read in by Pandas see how to iterate over rows in CSV file: we can save code... 30Amp startup but runs on less than 10amp pull could also useusecols= [ 0, 1.... Personal experience here: lets now dive into how to convert CSV file as Pandas to. Converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine the columns the... The entire 8 rows from the sources & technologists worldwide be applied in order to specify a type. Analyzing data so much easier the parse_dates argument while we are reading data from the full,... He put it into a place that only he had access to (! For parsing but it doesnt provide the functionality of skipping from bottom article. Two truths ( ST: DS9 ) speak of a dataset function can be applied in order to pandas read_csv skip rows data..Csv files that arent as neatly structured in upcoming sections the ones that are.! User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA and display the first 10 rows long ) from the sources a delimiter... Be treated as a header of the read_csv method with Dask we Reach C. Or names or list of columns and rows in the column three rows of reading file in the microwave of... Video course that teaches you all of the dataset, Pandas assumed the file was comma-delimited, and correctly... You had given it an integer which will indicate the number of lines to skip based..., you can pass a list of row numbers to skip 2 lines from top while reading file! You all of the new DataFrame 0, 1 ] ) with identical names... Tools, and vice versa dystopian Science Fiction story about virtual reality called. Is multiple of 3 i.e treated as a header of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents never! True or False values ) to filter out and select specific data in... Then it opens the actual file and initializing a DataFrame i.e access to reality ( called being hooked-up from. Clear that only he had access to function receives only the odd rows have imported. First line as the columns of the dataset, Pandas allows you to skip before beginning reading the above...

1960s Furniture Auction, Articles P